Apeldoorn produced bokashi from leaves collected from municipal green spaces. Bokashi is a soil improver that is high in nutrients and has a positive effect on the soil quality, moisture management, carbon storage and plant growth. The results from Apeldoorn’s pilots were encouraging, showing that the produced bokashi contains more organic materials (45% -50%) than locally produced compost (32%) and certified produced compost (26%). Incorporating bokashi into the soil of the demo sites also showed positive effects in the amount of organic material, water-retaining capacity, soil life (fungi and bacteria), among others. 
More information about this demonstration action can be found in Apeldoorn's Bio-waste demonstration report. 

Apeldoorn investigated the possibilities of producing biochar from pruning. Pruning waste underwent sorting via a vibrating screen, separating small wood particles (<5mm) from larger ones (<15mm) for biochar. The produced Biochar could be used to capture CO2 in the soil, to improve the soil and to capture water in the soil. Other uses of biochar include the use in water treatments plants to capture chemicals.
More information about this demonstration action can be found in Apeldoorn's Bio-waste demonstration report. 

Grass in public spaces and roadsides is mown once or two times every year. The grass is transported to a waste company and almost all the grass is treated in a biogas installation. In this demonstration the option to use grass as an alternative fibre source in paper products on city scale was tested. This showed that although the amount of grass in Apeldoorn is not enough to use as a resource for the paper industry, throughout the year specialised paper production batches can be produced at different commercial paper industries in Apeldoorn or elsewhere in the Netherlands.
More information about this demonstration action can be found in Apeldoorn's Bio-waste demonstration report. 

Japanese Knotweed is an invasive species regarded as a pest that needs to be destroyed. In this demonstration action Apeldoorn showed that the plant can be used as a fiber source to produce composite materials, in particular filament for 3D printing. The bioplastic chosen as matrix material in the composite is polylactic acid (PLA), a biobased plastic produced from e.g., sugarcane residues, which is compostable in industrial processes. 
More information about this demonstration action can be found in Apeldoorn's Bio-waste demonstration report. 

Mikkeli explored new processing and end-product optimisation techniques, focussing on the biogas process, which includes pretreatment of bio-waste and anaerobic digestion. The end products of the process are biogas
and digestate, which are usually mechanically separated to solid and liquid fractions. The project developed and tested mechanical pre-treatment methods such as crushing, mixing, and sieving. The aim of these methods was to prepare bio-waste flows before the actual waste treatment, biogas digestion. 
More information about this demonstration action can be found in Mikkeli's Bio-waste demonstration report. 

The methane production capacity of colected bio-waste was tested through a process of co-digestion with sewage sludge in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This was a first step of analysis with the aim to further explore alternatives to the current collection and transportation of bio-waste for composting. The aim of this action was to reduce the distance travelled by the bio-waste (and consequent fuel consumption and CO2 emissions) and increase the energy self-sufficiency of the WWTP.
More information about this demonstration action can be found in Seville's Bio-waste demonstration report. 

Porto implemented guidelines for urban green spaces. The system aims to increase the sustainable management of green spaces, promote biodiversity and recognise the spaces already working on these issues, so that citizens can identify and enjoy safe and environmentally well-managed green areas. The certification system specifically encouragees dedicated gardening practices to promote and reuse the compost produced at LIPOR’s composting plant, in order to highlight the importance of returning bio-waste to soil in the form of compost and the sustainable management of green spaces.
More information about this demonstration action can be found in Porto's Bio-waste demonstration report. 

Porto launched FoodLoop to find innovative ideas that promote the circular transition in bio-waste and more specifically in the food system. The contest aimed to encourage, support and empower entrepreneurs, citizens and social institutions to turn environmental and social challenges into circular business opportunities and to bring together key players to co-create responses to the challenges and raise awareness of best practices. 
More information about this demonstration action can be found in Porto's Bio-waste demonstration report.